This article analyzes the implementation of public policy on regulation of beds in intensive care units, considering the formulated policy, the institutional conditions and the strategies used by the state and municipalities of Bahia, Brazil. A literature review is carried out, based on the rational choice institutionalism, as well as a qualitative study with three groups of street-level bureaucrats. Results show a gap between the policies formulated and implemented and the influence of bureaucrats in the implementation of public policies in health. In addition, the research observed the use of information and communication technology such as social media WhatsApp as regulation strategies. The informal control and assignment of beds using WhatsApp is a clientelistic strategy, indicating that, even under the aegis of the managerial state, clientelistic and patrimonial practices persist.
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Pablo Alonso. Universidad de Cambridge, Cambridge, Reino Unido. E-mail: Pa cam. ABSTRACT The development of heritage area is an increasing trend in the United States and Europe, a phenomenon spreading over other areas where the tertiary economic sector is gaining weight and the dimensions of culture and leisure tend to hybridize.
Heritage areas or parks are heterogeneous initiatives that place cultural heritage at the heart of spatial planning policy and economic development, aiming at the reinvention of large territories and local community participation in planning. Their relevance stems from their potential influence on the territorial configuration of broad regions and their impact upon the articulation of traditional protected areas. Notwithstanding this, they have attracted scant academic attention so far.
This paper presents the results of an investigation that has analyzed most available literature on the topic, with the aim to open the issue of heritage areas to academic scrutiny of both technical and social disciplines.
Nuevas soluciones para nuevos problemas: el paso al pos-productivismo. La respuesta habitual es relegarlos a un papel subordinado, donde han de soportar funciones destructivas o contaminantes.
Para algunos territorios se ha abierto otra puerta a partir de lo que algunos autores consideran el matiz diferencial del pos-productivismo: el devenir renta del beneficio.
No es posible discutir sobre paisaje, arte o patrimonio sin tener en cuenta el protagonismo del hombre en el territorio. El ser humano es el actor y agente de las transformaciones que dejan trazas en el paisaje p. Son bienes culturales y representan las "obras" conjuntas del hombre y la naturaleza En los EE. Parques culturales: definiciones y funcionamiento. Centrando el concepto: distinciones y definiciones. El objetivo era delimitar espacios y extirparlos de su contexto social como "islas" para proteger la espectacularidad de ciertos panoramas y la vida salvaje.
Tanto en Europa como en EE. Los parques patrimoniales generalmente desarrollan planes a largo plazo donde se identifican los objetivos regionales, se marcan estrategias y asignan responsabilidades a los actores sociales. Todas las personas tienen un patrimonio que significa algo para ellas Se trata de iniciativas que permiten una metamorfosis de los lugares de modo que recobren fuerza la identidad cultural y el sentido de pertenencia territorial Barilaro, , p.
Para Bergdhal :. El concepto de parque cultural ha ampliado su alcance. En EE. Finalmente, el NPS los define como:. Lugares designados por el Congreso de los EE. Los parques patrimoniales se definen igualmente por un particular "modo de proceder".
Las NHA estadounidenses suelen surgir de iniciativas locales, desde grupos de entusiastas del patrimonio a asociaciones de empresarios. Recursos patrimoniales y servicios: hitos. Caminos que vinculan todo: itinerarios. Esta voluntad de intervenir espacialmente deriva de la necesidad de narrar una historia y, por lo tanto, de reorganizar el espacio a su alrededor.
Burling considera que:. El paisaje cultural se convierte en un patrimonio que se debe gestionar de modo sostenible, para producir riqueza que a la vez repercuta en el aumento de su valor y en la calidad de vida de sus habitantes. Non-places: An introduction to supermodernity John Howe, Trad. Londres: Verso. Barrett, B. National heritage areas: Developing a model for measuring success. Natchitoches, Louisiana. Barilaro, C. The role of literary parks in the re-appropriation of the cultural identity of places.
Claval, M. Scaini Eds. Part II: Landscape construction and cultural identity pp. Gorizia: Gorizia Campus, Universidad de Trieste. Roots for the National Heritage Area family tree. The George Wright Forum, 20 2 , Bergdhal, E.
Ecomuseo Bergslagen, un proyecto sueco de parque cultural. Identidades: Territorio, cultura, patrimonio, 1 , The Secretary of the Interior's standards for the treatment of historic properties: with guidelines for the treatment of cultural landscapes. Washington, D. Department of Interior. Bray, P. Possibility of parks unbounded. Environment, 6 2 , The heritage area phenomenon: where it is coming from. Cultural Resource Management, 17 8 , The disneyization of society. The Sociological Review, 47 1 , Theoria, 13, The fate of place: a philosophical history.
Castells, M. La sociedad real. Madrid: Alianza. Cultural landscapes: new strategies of preservation. Geographische Rundschau, 53 1 , Journal of Geography, 3 , Barcelona: Gustavo Gili. Daly, J. Heritage areas: connecting people to their place and history.
Senate subcommittee on National Parks. La superficie y lo invisible. Eugster, J. Evolution of the heritage areas movement. Frenchman, D. International examples of the United States heritage area concept. Bioeconomia e capitalismo cognitivo: verso un nuovo paradigma di accumulazione. Roma: Carocci. Gaiotto, M. Planning as the ideology of neoliberal space. Planning Theory, 9 4 , The Australian journal of anthropology, 11 2 , The future role of theme parks in international tourism.
Brent Ritchie et al. Koolhaas, R , primavera. October , El caso del parque de Lorena. Geographicalia, 35, Aramis, ou, L'amour des techniques. Law, J. Complexities: social studies of knowledge practices.
Durham: Duke University Press. Magnaghi, A. IIprogetto locale. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri. Marazzi, C. Mc Gimsey, Trad. Martin, J.
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Pablo Alonso. Universidad de Cambridge, Cambridge, Reino Unido. E-mail: Pa cam. ABSTRACT The development of heritage area is an increasing trend in the United States and Europe, a phenomenon spreading over other areas where the tertiary economic sector is gaining weight and the dimensions of culture and leisure tend to hybridize. Heritage areas or parks are heterogeneous initiatives that place cultural heritage at the heart of spatial planning policy and economic development, aiming at the reinvention of large territories and local community participation in planning. Their relevance stems from their potential influence on the territorial configuration of broad regions and their impact upon the articulation of traditional protected areas.
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