Developmental disturbances of teeth are anomalies of position or eruption path. Form, shape and number of teeth are other tooth disturbances. It has been suggested that such developmental anomalies are all micro symptoms of an inheritable developmental disturbance due to a general disturbance of the developmental tooth structures Pfeiffer, ; Hoffmeister, Eruption disturbance, such as impacted maxillary canines, is associated with ectopic eruption of maxillary first permanent molars, infraocclusion of primary molars, peg-shaped or congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors and agenesis of mandibular second premolars Bjerklin et al. This means that ectopic eruption of maxillary first permanent molars, diagnosed at 6 to 7 years of age, may be a marker for the subsequent appearance of dental anomalies.
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Developmental disturbances of teeth are anomalies of position or eruption path. Form, shape and number of teeth are other tooth disturbances.
It has been suggested that such developmental anomalies are all micro symptoms of an inheritable developmental disturbance due to a general disturbance of the developmental tooth structures Pfeiffer, ; Hoffmeister, Eruption disturbance, such as impacted maxillary canines, is associated with ectopic eruption of maxillary first permanent molars, infraocclusion of primary molars, peg-shaped or congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors and agenesis of mandibular second premolars Bjerklin et al.
This means that ectopic eruption of maxillary first permanent molars, diagnosed at 6 to 7 years of age, may be a marker for the subsequent appearance of dental anomalies. With the association between these tooth and developmental anomalies, it may be expected that in a sample of children with one of these anomalies, an increased frequency of the other associated anomalies would be found compared to the frequency found in the general population.
The term infraocclusion describes a tooth or teeth, positioned below the occlusal plane, varying from 1 mm up to being embedded in the gingiva or in the alveolar bone. After normal eruption, some teeth start to be in infraocclusion and may show ankyloses Figure 8. Figure 8. Two years later, infraocclusion is evident on both primary molars b. At the age of 16, a more pronounced infraocclusion on the second primary molars and the first premolars have started to tip distally c.
Infraoccluded primary molars can be found in children as young as 3 to 4 years of age; however, it occurs most frequently at the age of 8 to 9 years. It is found twice as frequently in the mandible as in the maxilla, and the mandibular second primary molars are most affected.
There is a genetic component to the anomaly, and in a group of siblings of children with infraocclusion, the prevalence of infraocclusion is higher Kurol, If primary molars show infraocclusion, it is very difficult or even impossible to move them into normal occlusion by orthodontic treatment. This contrasts with permanent molars, where it is sometimes possible, even in severe cases, to move the molar into occlusion again with orthodontic treatment Figure 8.
Further tipping of the adjacent teeth b. Space gaining and surgical exposure of the infraoccluded permanent molar c. After orthodontic traction, the molar has erupted into occlusion d. Depending on the severity of the infraocclusion, there is a risk that tipping of adjacent permanent teeth will cause space loss for the permanent premolar. In most cases with a permanent successor, the infraoccluded primary molars show progression of the infraocclusion.
The exfoliation of the infraoccluded primary molars is normally delayed by about 6 months Kurol and Thilander, However, the delay could also amount to 1 or 2 years, compared to contralateral teeth in the normal position.
An infraoccluded primary molar without a permanent successor is frequently associated with ankylosis. Percussion is a diagnostic tool for ankylosis using, for example, the handle of a metal mouth mirror. Ankylosed teeth typically have a solid sound when percussed, which is different from the sound heard when percussing a tooth suspended in a normal periodontal ligament PDL.
In cases with agenesis of the permanent successor, a treatment plan is required already at the age of 9 to 10 years. In cases with severe infraocclusion at these ages, the infraocclusion is likely to worsen, and extraction of the primary molar is often the best solution. Later, orthodontic treatment is necessary to close the gaps and correct tipping of adjacent teeth; otherwise, a prosthetic treatment or transplantation of a maxillary third molar can be the solution.
If the primary molar is persisting at 12 to 14 years of age, without any severe infraocclusion or root resorption, there is good prognosis for long-term survival of the primary molar Bjerklin and Bennett, ; Bjerklin et al. The diagnosis can be made from panoramic, periapical or bitewing radiographs Figure 8. Right second primary molar is lost and severe space deficiency for the second premolar due to mesial movement of the first permanent molar c.
In d , the left permanent molar has freed itself and shows reversible ectopic eruption. Ectopic eruption of maxillary first permanent molars occurs as a local eruption disturbance at the age of 6 to 7 years. The molar erupts in a mesial direction, resulting in a locked position, apical to the prominence on the distal surface of the second primary molar.
There are two types, the reversible and the irreversible Figure 8. The reversible type is self-correcting. The permanent molar spontaneously frees itself and erupts into occlusion. The second primary molar remains in the mouth, with a variable amount of resorption of the distal aspect. The irreversible type of ectopic eruption means that the permanent molar remains locked in its position, above and distal to the primary molar, until the primary tooth is exfoliated or some type of treatment is provided.
It is generally difficult to determine whether the problem is reversible or irreversible at the age of 7 years, and it may not be clear until some years later. No clear answer is given in the literature regarding its aetiology, although various factors alone or in combination have been mentioned. However, the hereditary factor seems to be of importance. It has been shown that the frequency of ectopic eruption of the maxillary first permanent molar is much higher in the siblings of children with the anomaly than it is for the rest of the population.
The ratio between the reversible and the irreversible types was equivalent to that for the general population. In a young child with ectopic eruption of a maxillary first permanent molar, it is recommended to wait and evaluate whether the permanent molar will self-correct spontaneously.
If it becomes clear that the ectopic eruption is irreversible, and spontaneous correction does not occur, it is still recommended to postpone treatment until the second premolar is starting to erupt, because the primary molar should be retained as long as possible to hold the space. Even severely resorbed second primary molars will normally remain in situ until the normal exfoliation time Figure 8.
Most important is to advise the child and parents to keep the occlusal area of the permanent molar clean by showing correct brushing technique. Middle radiograph, 1 year later. The molar has freed itself, and the resorption is increased. Radiograph to the right shows the situation at the age of 9. In a follow-up study of 92 cases with resorbed second primary molar, 15 teeth showed hard tissue repair of the structure of the primary tooth, and this could be seen both on the radiographs and histologically Kurol and Bjerklin, a, b.
In cases where the second primary molar is lost, the consequences are mesial movement, tipping and rotation of the permanent molar. This may result in a loss of adequate space for the succeeding premolar Mucedero et al. Malposition of single teeth. Malposition of single teeth Krister Bjerklin Key topics Infraocclusion of primary molars Ectopic eruption of maxillary first permanent molars Impacted maxillary canines Supernumerary anterior teeth — mesiodens Learning objectives To know how to manage infraocclusion of primary molars To know how to manage ectopic eruption of maxillary first permanent molars To be able to diagnose and managing impacted maxillary canines at the appropriate time To know risks with impacted maxillary canines regarding root resorptions of adjacent teeth Introduction Developmental disturbances of teeth are anomalies of position or eruption path.
Infraocclusion of primary molars The term infraocclusion describes a tooth or teeth, positioned below the occlusal plane, varying from 1 mm up to being embedded in the gingiva or in the alveolar bone. Treatment recommendation In a young child with ectopic eruption of a maxillary first permanent molar, it is recommended to wait and evaluate whether the permanent molar will self-correct spontaneously.
This may result in a loss of adequate space for the succeeding premolar Mucedero et al Only gold members can continue reading. Log In or Register to continue. You may also need Crowding of teeth Possible adverse tissue reactions Tissue response to orthodontic forces Diagnostic examinations Retention and post-retention outcome Spacing of teeth Craniofacial growth and development Classification of malocclusions.
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The ABCs of veterinary dentistry: M is for malposition and malocclusion
Introduction: In the recent past there has been an increase in the number of adults seeking orthodontic treatment therefore special attention to periodontal status of these patients needs more careful evaluation. Periodontal considerations in adult orthodontic treatment are increasingly important as patients become older. The aim of the study was to assess the interrelationship between the severity of malposition of frontal teeth with periodontal health considering to age in Latvian population. Methods: The data were analyzed from a detailed crossectional study in Latvian population. For the assessment of periodontal health CPI scores was analyzed for upper frontal sextant. For assessment of malocclusion 2 components of ICON index were used: upper arch crowding and incisor overbite. Statistical significance of the differences in the mean values was tested using t-test.
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Malposition of Teeth and Jaws in Patients With Congenital Superior Oblique Palsy
Malposition of teeth refers to improper positioning of teeth in the alveolar process of the maxilla or the mandible, with respect to other teeth as well as the overall positioning of the teeth in the jaw bone. Most of us do not have perfectly straight teeth or ideal occlusion bite. Crowding of teeth is very common in the general population. Malposition of teeth refers to a condition where teeth have erupted or shifted into a position that is not their ideal in the dental arch with respect to other teeth, and the upper and lower jaws.